- Overheated piston
- Faulty stuffing box
- Prolonged blow- by
- “slow combustion in the cylinder, owing to incorrect atomization, incorrect type of fuel valve nozzle, or ‘misaligned’ fuel jets.
- “ Blow-back” through the scavenge air ports, owing to an incorrectly adjusted exhaust cam disc or back pressure in the exhaust system. (To keep the exhaust resistance low, heavy deposits must not be allowed to collect on protective gratings, nozzle rings and turbine blades, and the back pressure after the turbocharger must not exceed 350 mm WG depending on the engine)