What are common cause of damage of solid bulk cargo on ships?

1. Water ingress usually results from 3 sources:
   • Leaking hatch covers
   • Back-flow through bilge systems
   • Ballast tanks, including impact damage on structures, leaking manhole lids and in-adequate monitoring.
2. Additional water sources:
   • Moisture from loading cargo that is wet or comes with a high moisture content
   • Condensation or “sweating” that can come from a lack of ventilation or incorrect ventilation.

Note:

Effective measures should be taken to monitor and test these particular areas of concern and defects must be identified and rectified as soon as possible.