- be of strength sufficient to steer the ship at maximum ahead service speed.
- be capable of putting the rudder over from 35 degrees on one side to 35 degrees on the other side with the ship running ahead at maximum service speed and, under the same conditions, from 35 degrees on either side to 30 degrees on the other side is not more than 28 seconds.
- be operated by power if necessary to meet the requirements of clause (b) and in any case when the diameter of the rudder stock in way of the tiller is required to be greater than 120 millimeters excluding additional strengthening for navigation in ice, and
- be designed so that they will not be damaged at maximum astern speed.
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