- This occurs when a ship uses separate transmitters for transmission of the sound pulse and reception of the echo.
- The transmitters are physically separated on either side of the keel or separated along the length of the keel.
- The depth measured at the E/S will be the slanted depth and not the direct below the keel depth.
- In deep waters, this error will not matter much but in shallow waters there will be considerable over reading which is dangerous.
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